Baseball in Meiji Japan
References
Blackwood, Thomas. “Bushido Baseball? Three 'Fathers' and the Invention of a Tradition.” Social Science Japan Journal, vol. 11, no. 2, 2008, pp. 223–240., https://doi.org/10.1093/ssjj/jyn032.
Fitts, Rob. “A Short History of Japanese Baseball - SABR.” Asian Baseball Committee, 2010, http://research.sabr.org/asianbb/japanese/history.
Guthrie-Shimizu, Sayuri. “For Love of the Game: Baseball in Early U.S.-Japanese Encounters and the Rise of a Transnational Sporting Fraternity.” Diplomatic History, vol. 28, no. 5, 2004, pp. 637–662., https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7709.2004.00445.x.
“Japanese Professional Baseball League.” BR Bullpen, 2009, https://www.baseball-reference.com/bullpen/Japanese_Professional_Baseball_League.
Karlin, Jason G. “The Gender of Nationalism: Competing Masculinities in Meiji Japan.” The Journal of Japanese Studies, vol. 28, no. 1, 2002, pp. 41–77., https://doi.org/10.2307/4126775.
Kelly, William W, et al. “Blood and Guts in Japanese Professional Baseball.” The Culture of Japan as Seen Through Its Leisure, State University of New York Press, New York, NY, 1998, pp. 95–111, https://www.professional.wwkelly.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/WWK_1998_in-Linhart.pdf.
Kelly, William W. “Samurai Baseball: The Vicissitudes of a National Sporting Style.” The International Journal of the History of Sport, vol. 26, no. 3, 2009, pp. 429–441., https://doi.org/10.1080/09523360802602299.
Kelly, William W. “The Spirit and Spectacle of School Baseball: Mass Media, Statemaking, and ‘Edu-Tainment’ in Japan, 1905-1935.” Japanese Civilization in the Modern World XIV: Information and Communication, 2000, pp. 105–115., https://www.professional.wwkelly.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/WWK_2000_Senri-Ethnolog-Studies_52.pdf.
Kincaid, Chris. “Samurai Baseball: A Look at the History of Japanese Baseball.” Japan Powered, 26 Apr. 2015, https://www.japanpowered.com/japan-culture/samurai-baseball-a-look-at-the-history-of-japanese-baseball.
Randhawa, Manny. “Japan's Most Influential MLB Players.” MLB.com, MLB, 25 Nov. 2021, https://www.mlb.com/news/best-japanese-baseball-players-of-all-time-c262514038.
Roden, Donald. “Baseball and the Quest for National Dignity in Meiji Japan.” The American Historical Review, vol. 85, no. 3, 1980, pp. 511–534., https://doi.org/10.2307/1854915.
Whiting, Robert. “Contesting the Myths of Samurai Baseball.” Metropolis Japan, 21 Aug. 2018, https://metropolisjapan.com/contesting-myths-samurai-baseball/.
Whiting, Robert. “The Samurai Way of Baseball and the National Character Debate.” The Asia-Pacific Journal, vol. 4, no. 9, 4 Sept. 2006, https://apjjf.org/-Robert-Whiting/2235/article.html.
Visual Sources
Figure 1: Early Japanese Menko baseball card from the 1910s. https://www.meijishowa.com/art-prints/4981/180301-0029-ks-japanese-baseball-card
Figure 2: Woodblock Print from an 1887 Japanese schoolbook. The oldest known pictorial reference to baseball in Japan. https://lelands.com/bids/the-earliest-known-japanese-baseball-piece---1887-woodblock
Figure 3: Hiraoka Hiroshi, the "father of Japanese baseball." https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hiroshi_Hiraoka#/media/File:Hiraoka_Hiroshi2.jpg
Figure 4: The first known Japanese baseball card, 1897. https://seamheads.com/blog/2011/11/15/pre-war-japanese-baseball-cards/
Figure 5: First Higher School of Tokyo (Ichikō) Baseball Club, 1891. https://metropolisjapan.com/contesting-myths-samurai-baseball/
Figure 6: Ichikō baseball practice after school, 1898. https://www.meridian.org/pacificpitch/gallery/2/
Figure 7: The official scorecard of the game between Ichikō and the YAC on June 5, 1896. https://galbraith.press/legendary-1896-ycac-vs-ichiko-baseball-games/
Figure 8: Postcard depicting St. Louis Cardinals catcher Jack Bliss and Keiko University's Kanki playing at the East Recreation Ground in Kobe, 1908. https://www.vintageball.com/PlayerPostcards.html
Figure 9: Cover of Nitobe Inazō's Bushido: The Soul of Japan, 1900. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushido:_The_Soul_of_Japan
Figure 10: Graphic of Shohei Ohtani, the two-way Japanese MLB star. https://www.theartofthegame.com/product/shohei-ohtani-by-stephen-holland-pitching/